How to create a macOS installer for a Java application

1) Install Java SE Development Kit

Download and run the latest JDK installer for macOS:

2) Launch Unix terminal

Using Finder go into "Applications" and then open the "Utilities" folder.  Open Terminal and you're now at the Unix prompt.

Enter the following command to verify Java is installed:

         java -version
      

3) Make project folder

Enter these two commands:

         mkdir showtime
         cd showtime
      

The first command creates a folder called "showtime", and the second command moves you into the new folder.

4) Write some Java code

Get the sample Java code and take a look at the Swing commands that create a simple window for displaying the current time:

         curl --remote-name https://centerkey.com/mac/java/ShowTime.java
         cat ShowTime.java
      

You'll see the code:

            import java.util.Date;
            import javax.swing.*;

            public class ShowTime {

               public static void main(String[] args) {
                  JFrame f = new JFrame();
                  f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
                  f.setTitle("It's Showtime!");
                  f.getContentPane().add(new JLabel(new Date().toString()));
                  f.pack();
                  f.setVisible(true);
                  }

            }
         

5) Compile Java program

Back at the Unix prompt, compile the Java program into a class file:

         javac ShowTime.java
         ls -l
      

It is possible to run the class file directly, but that results in a poor user experience.  Instead we will create a more convenient executable JAR file.

6) Make executable JAR

Before we make an executable JAR file, we need a manifest file to indicate which class contains the "main" function.  Create the file:

         echo "Main-Class: ShowTime" > MainClass.txt
         cat MainClass.txt
      

The resulting manifest file contains a single line:

            Main-Class: ShowTime
         

Now use the following jar command to create the "ShowTime.jar" file:

         jar cmf MainClass.txt ShowTime.jar *.class
         ls -l
      

Test your executable JAR with the following command:

         java -jar ShowTime.jar
      

The "It's Showtime!" window with the current time should display in the upper left corner of your screen.  Click the red button (marble) to exit the program.

Note: While the manual commands above for steps #5 and #6 work fine, you could automate them using Ant with a build.xml file.

7) Create installer background and application icon

The default icon for an executable JAR is a coffee cup.  To add a custom icon, we need to create an .icns file.

Use the following commands to download a sample PNG image, resize the image to appropriate dimensions for an icon, and convert it into the .icns format:

         curl --remote-name https://centerkey.com/mac/java/ShowTime.png
         sips -z 100 100 -p 150 150 ShowTime.png --out ShowTime-background.png
         mkdir ShowTime.iconset
         sips -z 128 128 ShowTime.png --out ShowTime.iconset/icon_128x128.png
         iconutil --convert icns ShowTime.iconset
         ls -l
      

For this tutorial, just ignore the Missing image for variant warnings (or create all the different sizes).

8) Build macOS application and installer

Use the following commands to move the icon file into the package folder and run the javapackager tool to build the ShowTime.app appplication and wrap it in into an installer:

         mkdir -p package/macosx
         cp -v *.png *.icns package/macosx
         jdk=$(/usr/libexec/java_home)
         $jdk/bin/javapackager -version
         $jdk/bin/javapackager -deploy -native pkg -name ShowTime \
            -BappVersion=1.0.0 -Bicon=package/macosx/ShowTime.icns \
            -srcdir . -srcfiles ShowTime.jar -appclass ShowTime \
            -outdir out -v
         cp out/ShowTime-*.pkg show-time-installer.pkg
         ls -l
      

The javapackager tool is the way forward while the legacy JarBundler and AppBundler approaches are now obsolete.

The executable JAR file ShowTime.jar checks in at a mere 0.001 MB, but the installer file show-time-installer.pkg almost hits a whopping 70 MB.  The reason is that the installer bundles the JRE (an Apple requirement for publishing Java programs to the Mac App Store).

When you are ready to distribute to the public, you'll want to sign your application with a Developer ID certificate.  Use the productsign tool to apply a certificate.

9) Try it out

Run the installer:

         open show-time-installer.pkg
      

After completing the installation, go into the "Applications" folder and open the "ShowTime" application.  Be sure to check out the "About ShowTime" option on the "ShowTime" menu.

Wrap-Up

If you run into any problems, compare your terminal commands and output to:

For an example of how you might distribute your installer, take a look at:

That's it.